Boycotting Israeli academics, or boycotting academic freedom?

Written by Gregory Rose, Professor of Law at the University of Wollongong.

Continued boycotts of Israeli academics pose a threat to the very freedoms that academics hold dear. AAP/Joe Castro

On Wednesday last week, the Student Representative Council at the University of Sydney adopted a motion to boycott Israeli academics. The motion called specifically for the University to cut its current research ties with the Technion, Israel’s leading higher education technology institute, and supported the general academic boycott of Israel called for by the University of Sydney’s Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies (CPACS).

That the boycott suppresses academic freedom is clear but less obvious is that it does not promote international peace and that it is fundamentally racist. Earlier this year, The Conversation published an argument in defence of the boycott by the CPACS’ Paul Dulffill, and the issue deserves to have both sides discussed.

What is the launching of a universal boycott of Israel intended to achieve? The purported reason given by CPACS – and supported by the SRC – is that because Israeli academics reside in a country alleged to have breached international law, those smarting academics will supposedly turn around Israeli foreign and security policy.

In reality, Australian academics have minimal influence on this country’s foreign policy, and even less in Israel where national security concerns predominate. Of course, Israeli academics facing attack tend to fight back like the rest of us when pushed against the wall. The academic boycott will never be effective in its supposed objective of changing Israeli policies.

Nevertheless, Students for Palestine and CPACS supporters of the boycott might still assert that it has secondary value in Australia, perhaps because the boycott raises academic awareness here, which might percolate through to Australian foreign policy makers. So, if an implicit objective is to generate Australian antagonism, a local boycott targeting Israeli academics might supposedly influence Australian foreign policy. However, there is no evidence that this symbolic activism at the University of Sydney will influence government or swing votes in the ballot box.

On their own avowal, the members of both the University of Sydney SRC and CPACS are active in Palestine solidarity campaigns and have picked a side in an international dispute – Dulfill says that the CPACS “can hardly be expected to be neutral or disinterested”. That conflict is complex and their choice is morally questionable, but they wish to push their interests on others.

Advocacy for the university to officially engage in a boycott and to propose that it be adhered to by academics is intellectual totalitarianism, anathema to respectable universities which resist political pressure to adopt partisan policies or repress academic research. Within a learning environment the freedom to doubt, to analyse and to form and articulate an independent perspective is fundamental and the essential quality of a university.

Choosing official sides between competing nationalities, religions and races politicises a campus, alienates members of faculty staff and is toxic to faculty collegiality. Jews would be alienated but not only them. It is reminiscent of ideological purges within the Soviet and Chinese communist parties.

Let’s put this in comparative perspective: should the University of Sydney cease all collaborative research with Indonesian institutes until the Papuan self-determination movement is satisfied? What about publishing official Sydney boycott manifestos on the democratic failures in China, Fiji, Malaysia and Singapore? If the problem is military applications of technology, then it must also boycott the ANU, the universities of NSW, Wollongong, and the list goes on.

Should the University of Sydney itself be boycotted if it does not officially adopt a boycott of Israel? Should University of Sydney academics who do not individually endorse an official boycott be penalised?

It has been truthlessly suggested that the academic boycott does not affect individual academics and that the Palestine Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (PACBI) guidelines are clear on this. To the contrary, the PACBI guidelines do not meaningfully distinguish between Israeli academics and representatives of their institutions. Normally, any academic engaged in an international collaboration is assumed to informally represent his/her own institution. For example, an outstanding Australian-Israeli biomathematics colleague was told by a science journal that it could not publish him because of his Tel Aviv University address.

Academics are members of a social sector who typically tend to be public intellectuals and advocate for individual freedoms, liberal values and social justice. Professor Dan Avnon of the Hebrew University, who was not allowed by the Sydney CPACS to spend part of his sabbatical there, had sought to undertake individual academic work in Arab-Jewish peace studies. Shunning people who typically reach out for peaceful dialogue is an irony all can see.

Of course, the threat to academic freedom would be limited if this is the only boycott. Then, ambivalent University of Sydney staff might feel some relief: the boycott would simply be a symbolic demonstration of the University’s claim of a moral high ground. Just the Jewish state alone and no more. Sad, that is.

Australian suppression of peaceful engagement with Israeli academics could make sense only because its objective has nothing to do with peace. The long-war objective of the academic boycott is the same as the trade and diplomatic boycotts that Arab states have imposed on Israel since its inception 65 years ago.

The Friends of Palestine approach within the SRC and CPACS entails denial of any Jewish state. They are warriors in the conflict, adding fuel to its fire. There could be no more elegant demonstration for why Jews need their own country.

Originally posted on the Conversation.

 

Obama inauguration speech: a historic moment for gay and lesbian equality

Written by Marcus O’Donnell, Lecturer, Program Convenor Journalism at the University of Wollongong.

Obama wove the story of gay rights into the language of America’s founding fathers during his inauguration speech. EPA/Shawn Thew

 

Much has been made of the fact President Obama became the first president to mention the word gay in an inaugural address. But the significance lies not in what he said but how he said it.

In declaring, “Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law” Obama not only declared himself abstractly for “gay rights”, he placed these rights at the heart of the central ideals of the American story.

Obama’s whole speech sprung from his reiteration of the much sung hymn to equality from the Declaration of Independence which he quoted at the start of his speech: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness”. Presidents and other American orators are fond of quoting this lodestone of the American dream, so it is not surprise that Obama should refer to it.

But his speech was much more telling because he made clear that he took those words as a call to action: “For history tells us that while these truths maybe self-evident, they have never been self-executing; that while freedom is a gift from God, it must be secured by His people here on Earth”.

Again, a rousing call to act for freedom and equality is common place in the American presidential tradition. Obama’s distinctive play on this came with his declaration that securing equality and freedom entailed both a steadfast commitment to the founding father’s vision and embracing intelligent changes in the light of contemporary challenges. “But we have always understood that when times change, so must we; that fidelity to our founding principles requires new responses to new challenges; that preserving our individual freedoms ultimately requires collective action”.

Obama’s riff on gay and lesbian rights then begins in a very specific way which very skillfully links it to both adaptation to new challenges and collective action: “We, the people, declare today that the most evident of truths – that all of us are created equal – is the star that guides us still; just as it guided our forebears through Seneca Falls, and Selma, and Stonewall; just as it guided all those men and women, sung and unsung, who left footprints along this great Mall, to hear a preacher say that we cannot walk alone; to hear a King proclaim that our individual freedom is inextricably bound to the freedom of every soul on Earth”.

In this extraordinary declaration, Obama not only declares that adapting to, and fighting for, gay and lesbian rights is important, but that the fight for these rights, which stems from the 1969 Stonewall riots, should be placed on the same footing as the fight for women’s rights at Seneca Falls and the fight for racial equality at Selma. Here the president effectively placed the fight for gay and lesbian rights within the myth of the ongoing American revolution.

This leads to an explicit call for gay and lesbian equality in the next paragraph: “Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law – for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well”.

Obama goes further here than any of his predecessors would have dared. This is not just a call for equality under the law, it is a carefully phrased call for same sex marriage: “the love we commit to one another must be equal as well”.

Obama has recently declared his support for same sex marriage, so this is not a new statement. But his inclusion of such a statement in an inaugural address, a key ritual moment of American democracy, and his inclusion of this declaration in the context of the fight for women’s and civil rights marks yet another milestone in the story of gay and lesbian citizenship.

The fight for marriage equality faces several key tests in the US this year, the most significant of which are the cases before the Supreme Court about the constitutionality of the Defense of Marriage Act and California’s Proposition 8, both of which define marriage as exclusively between a man and a woman.

One of the ongoing pressure points in American public debate has been around so called “judicial-activism” on social issues. In opposing such “activism” conservative legal scholars often adhere to a doctrine called “originalism”, which proclaims that any constitutional judgement must aim to get as close as possible to the original meaning of the words of the founding fathers when interpreting the constitution.

In this carefully crafted speech, Obama not only laid a claim for gay and lesbian equality and same sex marriage; he was laying a claim that any constitutional value of equality does not have an original or fundamentalist meaning, rather one that constantly evolves.

This is fundamentally at odds with our own Prime Minister Julia Gillard, who appeals to the importance of tradition and “heritage” in her own refusal to acknowledge the marriage rights of gay and lesbian Australians.

Traditions only continue to have meaning when they are reinterpreted and made relevant by each generation. Obama’s inauguration speech was an inspiring attempt to do this. Let’s hope his actions over the next four years are equally inspiring.

Originally posted on The Conversation

Hate blood but want a career in medicine? Don’t worry, there’s a job for you

Written by Ian Wilson, Professor, Associate Dean – Learning and Teaching at University of Wollongong.

Some students come into medicine with a fixed idea of what they want to do – but this often changes. uonottingham

Just before I finished high school, my local general practitioner suggested I consider medicine. But the thought of blood made me feel squeamish, so I went to university to do maths and physics, and to try the new field of computer science. Needing a fourth subject, I opted for biology so that my friend who also did biology could give me a lift to campus.

I ended up becoming fascinated with biology, so much so that I wanted to study neuroscience, and I felt the best way into a research career was through medicine. Luckily, I was successful. As an undergraduate I discovered patients and shifted my focus to a career as a psychiatrist.

I was called up for National Service and ended up on a Defence Force Scholarship. During this time I became interested in trauma surgery and after discharge joined the surgical training scheme. After six months of surgery, I was bored with the technical side but still enjoyed the patient contact and interaction. Being married with one child and another on the way, I opted for general practice with a mental health and procedural focus.

I tell this story in some detail to highlight the meanderings that many students undertake in their career decision-making. Some students come into medicine with a fixed idea of what they want to do and spend their time achieving that goal.

But the majority are more like me and develop multiple interests. Where they end up generally depends on a number of factors such as available training posts, skill levels, controllability of lifestyle and to a very small extent, salary.

The Medical Schools Outcome Database and Longitudinal Tracking Project (MSOD) asks students about their career intentions on entry to and exit from medical school, and as interns (their first year working in a hospital) and residents (their second year of work). On entry to medical school in 2011, 25% of medical students had a first preference for surgery with paediatrics and general practice the next most frequent.

The preferences of those exiting medical school in 2011 were a little different: internal medicine and surgery were the most common career choices (18% each) followed by general practice and then paediatrics. Towards the end of the internship, the preferences changed again, with internal medicine the most frequently chosen (19%) followed by general practice and then surgery.

The least preferable career options tend to be rehabilitation, public health and palliative care – most students come into medicine to save lives, making these specialities less appealing.

With the growing number of medical graduates and the relative shortage of intern and specialist training positions, we have noticed a change in student behaviour.

Increasingly, students are attempting to ensure their undergraduate experiences provide them with the best advantage for their career selection process. Honours degrees or the publication of papers will add a few extra points in some speciality selection processes and students are working hard to achieve these goals.

Hospital choice is also seen as important, as there is a perception among medical students that undertaking an internship in a specific hospital increases their chances of being selected into a specific specialist training program. But these beliefs aren’t necessarily based on facts.

Some experts have suggested using career counselling to increase the number of students entering careers that are less appealing or where there are significant shortages. But there’s no evidence to show career counselling works in this way.

The best way to deal with this issue is around student selection and undergraduate experiences. Choosing students who are more likely to enter a given profession and providing them with experiences that are positive will work much more effectively in promoting careers in the generalist professions (medicine, surgery and rural general practice).

But often the impact of changes does not stop at the school level. Many professionals, including doctors, invest so much of their time and energy into their careers they are surprised that their practice takes on a sameness. Once you have delivered 200 babies or conducted 100 gall bladder operations the procedures lose their excitement.

This is the point at which many doctors start looking for something new and engage in medical politics, education, research, business ventures or artistic endeavours.

Some, like me, become dissatisfied with individual care and want to have a bigger impact on the world. Moving into academia to train the next cohorts of doctors seemed a logical step. In light of my original interest in research, this was a hugely positive for me.

Originally posted on The Conversation

Four visions, three dimensions: the future of 3D printing

By Thomas Birtchnell, Lecturer in Social Sciences, Media and Communication at University of Wollongong, and Professor John Urry, Department of Sociology at Lancaster University.

Originally posted on The Conversation

 

Chances are you’ve heard about 3D printing – or additive manufacturing as it’s otherwise known: a process that turns computer-aided designs into three-dimensional, real-world objects with a range of uses, from a range of materials and on a range of scales.

But you’ve probably heard little in terms of the social impact that 3D printing and its associated technologies will likely have.

Those possible impacts are exactly what we’re investigating at Lancaster University and the University of Wollongong. We’ve identified four potential scenarios that could eventuate in a world that embraces 3D printing and, crucially, how those scenarios could affect everyday life.

Where we’re at

Walking around the 3D Printshow 2012 in London last month, the hype around 3D printing technology was palpable.

The first stall in view was MakerBot’s, and the company’s CEO and founder Bre Pettis was busy spruiking their Replicator 2 – Time Magazine’s Best Invention of 2012.

But it was in the other stalls out the back, populated by artists, entrepreneurs and researchers, where this innovation could be seen doing really interesting things.

In those stalls there were different intimations of the futures we have imagined in our project at Lancaster University.

In one corner there were a couple of children playing the game Minecraft. Their mother explained that they were actually creating 3D designs within the game (in between foraging for food and fighting spiders).

The game players design objects from cube-shaped blocks in the same way they might design in-game houses and caves.

A clever piece of software called Printcraft uploads designs made in Minecraft to a server, which automatically converts the designs into 3D-printable files. Then the player simply prints the design out on an adjacent 3D printer, in this case a MakerBot.

At another company’s stall a salesperson (the inventor was her dad) claimed her printer could print different colours at the same time – something that hasn’t been possible with 3D printers until now.

 Next to this one there was a 3D printer with a handle so it could be carried around – both printers drew on the open-source Reprap design.

An adjacent stall was a bit different in that it didn’t feature 3D printers. Instead, a team of designers and marketing gurus offered their 3D printing expertise for small product runs and trial inventions.

Further along there was a scale model of the Urbee 3D-printed car. There was also a chain-mail shirt made of tiny steel links, amazingly assembled by an expensive laser sintering printer.

And most impressively there was a row of 3D-printed mummified animals from an archaeological project rendered in near-perfect detail down to the bandages, as per the photo below:

Where we’re going

Our research has seen us explore four different social futures around 3D printing.

They were shaped by how corporate this new industrial revolution will be and how much individuals will engage with the technology. In particular we were interested in how 3D printing might influence the transportation of objects and the travel of people.

In order to find out what futures might be, where 3D printing has significance (or not), we held a workshop with the Futures Company in London, and picked the brains of engineers, consultants, policymakers and designers. The four possible futures are below:

1. Home factories

Everyone has a 3D printer in their home sitting next to their paper printer and making plastic jewellery, kitchen utensils, toys, models, homework projects and non-critical replacement parts.

People in this future no longer derive as much satisfaction from shopping in the high street for cheap products and are printing much more “stuff”, mostly made of plastic or resin.

2. Print shops

Manufacturing has “returned” to places such as the UK, the US and Australia.

Companies are integrating high-end 3D printers that print all sorts of exotic materials – from steel and titanium to sandstone and carbon fibre – into their supply chains and retail outlets.

As a result there are efficiency gains in how objects are transported and where they are made. Aeroplane parts and car dashboards, for instance, are made locally and customised to order.

3. Fab labs

Groups of people work together on not-for-profit or subsidised printers provided with support services and technicians.

The main focus is not new markets but rather new communities that craft objects they intend to use for recreation or for trading and selling in specialist “maker fairs”.

These communities hinge on open-source technologies and co-production ethics, and generally people are still relying on a global production system for much of what they need.

4. The 3D bubble

The market bubble has burst as inflated expectations have caused 3D printing to be severely over-hyped.

Many small entrepreneurs have gone bust and multinational corporations have not renewed their product lines. Consumers are dissatisfied with the appearance and unreliability of 3D-printed objects and design software is too complicated to master.

In this fourth future, 3D printing is still being used by specialists for prototyping, preservation of collections and high-end bespoke accessories.

 

 Will any of these futures happen? As always, time will tell. But we should be discussing the potential social impacts now, before the future arrives.

In the meantime, as the 3D Printshow 2012 ably demonstrated, there are already many exciting and inspiring uses of this technology.

Armageddon and its aftermath: dating the Toba super-eruption

By Richard (Bert) Roberts, ARC Australian Professorial Fellow at University of Wollongong

No-one alive today has witnessed a volcanic eruption remotely as big as the Toba “super” eruption. But our ancestors may have done, tens of thousands of years ago, when northern Sumatra exploded, creating a caldera now filled by the largest volcanic lake on Earth, measuring 100km by 30km and 0.5km at its deepest. But when, exactly, did it happen?

In a paper published today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) my colleagues Michael Storey, Mokhtar Saidin and I have finally pinned a date on the Toba super-eruption. It happened 73,880 years ago, with an uncertainty of just 640 years (with 95% confidence).

The Eruption

This mega-colossal eruption was the third – and largest – in the last million years at Toba, and the most explosive on Earth for more than two million years.

More than seven trillion tonnes of volcanic material were ejected, of which at least 800km³ was spewed as ash across the Indian Ocean and the adjacent landmasses of South and Southeast Asia, covering several million square kilometres of the planet’s surface in debris.

The Toba blast pumped an equally staggering quantity of sulphurous gases into the atmosphere. The resulting chemical products were transported around the globe and are recognised as sulphate spikes in drill cores collected from ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica.

The event dwarfs any other historical eruption, the largest of which was Tambora – also in Indonesia – in 1815. Despite being 100-times smaller in magnitude than Toba, Tambora led to a global drop in temperature of about 0.7 ºC and disastrous crop failures across the Northern Hemisphere the following year – dubbed “the year without a summer”.

Given the monumental size of Toba, surely it must have had a correspondingly catastrophic effect on the planet’s climate, landscape, flora and fauna?

And could it have also altered the course of human evolution, reducing the population to such a small size than our ancestors were squeezed through a genetic bottleneck?

Such questions and speculations have provided fodder for researchers since geological evidence for the Toba eruption was first reported at the end of the 19th century.

But, perhaps surprisingly, there remains no consensus at the present time on the climatic or ecological impacts of Toba, and this can be blamed, in large measure, on the fact that the exact date of this explosion had not been fixed to better than a few thousand years, at some point between about 70,000 and 75,000 years ago.

Such a wide margin of error meant that the Toba event could not be precisely aligned with the Earth’s climatic cycles, the comings and goings of animal and plant communities, the dispersals of our early ancestors out of Africa, or the disappearance of other human species in Asia and Europe.

How to date an eruption

My colleagues and I worked out the age of the explosion with high precision by dating crystals of the mineral sanidine using a state-of-the-art mass spectrometer at Roskilde University in Denmark.

Geochronologist Michael Storey measured the tiny amounts of argon gas built up inside the crystals since they were thrust out of the Toba volcano and deposited in adjacent Malaysia, where they now occur in thick beds of ash preserved in the valley bottoms.

In Malaysia’s Lenggong Valley, volcanic ash has buried stone tools that some archaeologists think were made by our early forebears, so our high-resolution age for the Toba eruption suggests that our ancestors were living in Southeast Asia before it erupted, more than 74,000 years ago.

Volcanic Impact

So, can we now answer all of the questions that have eluded researchers for so long? The answer, sadly, is no, but we can establish whether this mega-eruption led or lagged some of the most pronounced oscillations in Earth’s climate system, known as Dansgaard-Oeschger events.

From temperature records extracted from the ice caps at both poles and from calcite formations in caves across Europe and Asia, we know that one of the longest periods of cold climate in the last 130,000 years began 74,000 years ago – when temperatures fell abruptly by several degrees centigrade – and ended 72,000 years ago.

The fall in temperature due to the eruption alone would have lasted no more than a few decades, but it may have accelerated or amplified a climatic cooling event already underway, providing positive feedback at a critical moment.

Although geologically brief, several decades of disruption to the climate and landscape could have had devastating ecological impacts, with potentially dire outcomes for humans living at the time of the blast.

The biota living in the vicinity of Toba would have been decimated over the 14-day duration of the eruption, and southeast Asia was then occupied by possibly four known species of human:

• Homo sapiens
• Homo erectus
• Homo floresiensis(the “Hobbits” of Flores)
• Denisovans – an enigmatic lineage discovered from genetic traces in fossil bones and teeth at Denisova Cave in southern Siberia and detected also in the DNA of modern Melanesians and Aboriginal Australians.

It could be that Toba played a role in shaping human interactions, extinctions and dispersals in Asia and Australia, and has left a legacy of the eruption in our genes.

Much remains to be understood about the aftermath of this exceptional geological event, but at least we now know when it happened – to within a few centuries – and can use its ash and chemical remnants to tie together diverse records of global climate, ecology and human evolution.

This article was originally published at The Conversation.
Read the original article.

All washed up: have surf megabrands forgotten their roots?

By Andrew Warren, Post-Doctoral Researcher at University of Wollongong and Chris Gibson, Professor of Human Geography at University of Wollongong.

Australia’s surf megabrands — once thriving cultural icons — are now facing a changing tide of fortunes.

 

Yesterday’s announcement that iconic brand Rip Curl plans to sell-up raises the question: just what has happened to Australia’s iconic surf brands?

It has been well publicised that the big three surf labels – Rip Curl, Quiksilver and Billabong – have experienced shrinking sales and expanding debts. Suburban consumers have turned away from expensive surf-branded apparel. Coupled with the rise of online shopping, doubts are growing about the future viability of corporatised surf brands.

Raw economics certainly matters to the surf industry. The big three have been hit hard by recession in the United States and Europe, where they have concentrated most of their retail investment. Their timing was terrible. Just before the GFC, Quiksilver and Billabong both expanded their business operations. Billabong bought up a substantial number of surf retail outlets. Quiksilver acquired, and has since had to sell, a series of non-surf leisure brands – including Rossignol skis and Cleveland Golf equipment. Expansion added huge debts, which became difficult to finance when retail returns evaporated.

A subcultural industry

We think the problems facing the big three can also be explained through understanding surfing subculture. From informal beginnings shaping boards in backyard workshops and tool sheds, the selling of the surf remains strongly influenced by subcultural values and fashion cycles within the surfing scene.

In our new book on the surf industry, to be published next year by University of Hawaii Press, we make the point that, like music, it is a subcultural industry defined by a tension between “major” corporate labels and smaller “independents”. Independent labels have more credibility because they are considered closer to the grassroots of surfing culture. They are often based in specific surf cities and regions – southern California, the Gold Coast, north shore O’ahu – where surf subcultures are strong.

When brands grow and expand, they take on the character of corporate enterprises. The listing of Quiksilver on the NYSE in 1998 and Billabong on the ASX in 2000 signalled abrupt changes to the existing structure of the surf industry. Rightly or wrongly, many surfers felt that profitability and capital growth became more important than fulfilling surfer’s needs and desires. Surf companies have up-scaled production, acquired smaller brands, opened flagship retail stores and supplied stock to department stores. Quiksilver now supplies their surf-wear to department chain Macy’s in the United States and David Jones in Australia. Increasing market share is the goal, to pay shareholders dividends. Brand visibility to the masses is everything. But this undermines the claim to service local roots and the needs of every-day surfers.

Undermining credibility

The marketing of surfing’s cool image has allowed companies to sell the surf to a wider range of consumers. Despite its inland geography, in 2010 the US mid-west region was worth a remarkable $457 million in surf retail sales. The trade-off is that selling surf-wear through department stores undermines scarcity and subcultural value. Brand credibility falters.

This is not new. In the 1960s surf, labels Ocean Pacific and Hang Ten successfully diversified from surfboards and board shorts into different types of surf and swimwear. Yet in the 1980s, when their products moved out of surf shops and into department stores, subcultural affiliation collapsed. The big three now appear to be heading in the same direction.

When scarcity value is lost, other independent labels fill the niche. They look much more authentic and responsive by comparison. Their surfboards, clothes and apparel are harder to find, raising scarcity value. Independent brands appear rooted in surfing cities and regions. Corporate surf firms, by contrast, appear placeless and “uncool”. In time, the “majors” swallow up newer, smaller “independents” (as happened with RVCA, Palmers, Dakine and Von Zipper), temporarily leveraging their street cred. But the cycle starts all over again.

Differences and divergences

While the big three surf brands clearly face hardship, it is wrong to assume that all three are the same, or are equally doomed. Quiksilver and Billabong are listed companies. Responsibilities to shareholders and investors will influence future business planning. Any restructuring of Billabong and Quiksilver, or recapturing of their subcultural cachet, is unlikely to involve winding back stock from department store shelves. The recent appointment of former Target CEO Launa Inman as head of Billabong confirms this.

Rip Curl, on the other hand, remains privately owned. Whether this grants more flexibility to maintain ways of doing business that retain credibility and profitability is moot. Nevertheless, Rip Curl maintains a stronger strategic focus on surf “hardwear”: wetsuits and surfboard retail. Despite a dramatic fall in the last 12 months, Rip Curl remains profitable.

Surfing industry, surfing subculture

Broader economic conditions have gutted the performance of Australia’s largest surf brands. But macroeconomic conditions do not explain the full story. Surfing is a subculture, not an anonymous market for run-of-the-mill consumer goods. Given Australia’s strong connection to surfing, demand for surf products and equipment will endure. Newer, edgier brands will emerge and compete for market share. Whether the big three Australian firms can adapt and maintain their connections to surfing subcultures will be interesting to watch. Beyond the shopping mall, the key to understanding surf capitalism is watching the unfurling logics of its subculture.

This article was originally published at The Conversation.
Read the original article.

Food Security a Real Issue

Professor Linda Tapsell

Recent natural disasters have led to the phrase – ‘food security’ – being used with increasing frequency. With floods devastating our banana plantations up north; drought conditions affecting  wheat crops in West Australia; and earthquakes in New Zealand and Japan, there is no doubt that food security is something to think about today.

But what exactly does food security mean? Essentially, it is about having enough food that is good for you. Yet it is more than a measure of the amount of food that is or isn’t available. Food security is also measure by the quality of nutrition and prevailing social and economic factors.

Food security is in fact a population health concept which requires constant monitoring and attention. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) refers to food security in terms of all people at all times having physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious foods. These foods must meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. 

On a national and global scale, food security covers food production and trade. The effects of floods, bushfires, hurricanes, earthquakes and droughts are all considered when assessing the quantity of food being produced and available.

It is also assessed on a scale of nourishment. Even when there is plenty of food, the nutritional quality of this food is an important determinant of food security. It is possible for individuals to not meet all their nutrient requirements in conditions where poor food choices are made in the midst of plenty. For example, the problem of obesity is also a problem of food security because it reflects an imbalance in meeting nutritional requirements.

From a social perspective, food is an integral part of cultural conditions.  Having access to foods that people recognise as staples and are able to prepare in safe and nutritious ways is another important dimension of food security.  This is what ‘meeting food preferences’ refers to. The provision of food must be considered in context where traditions and usual eating patterns are reflected in the nutritious foods that are provided.

Australia has a great deal of expertise in food security. In particular, it has special expertise in agriculture that can be applied to food production where there is climate variability.  Economically we have influence – Australia produces enough food for 60 million people, triple our population, and food trade is an important part of our economy.  We also have extensive expertise in how food affects health, and professions such as the Dietitians Association of Australia to support the community in making healthy food choices. We have great opportunities for combining these areas of agricultural and diet expertise to produce food that promotes health for the population and with a coordinated effort from government and institutions can contribute substantially to food security in our region.

Food security can also begin at home, for example, with the community valuing food much more. This can be done by celebrating and being creative with healthy food, choosing better food for meals and snacks, learning more about good food at school, eating just enough to maintain a healthy weight, and considering the environment in our resources management of food.

An excellent, and timely, resource that our institutions, business and the community can draw on to better understand and plan for food security is the recently released Australia and Food Security in a Changing World report, released by the Prime Ministers Science Engineering and Innovation Council (PMSEIC) expert working group through the Chief Scientist for Australia (http://www.chiefscientist.gov.au/about/publications/).

As we face a number of challenges to our food security through natural disasters, social change and economic influences, it is time to embrace a coordinated approach to ensure we have enough food that is good for all of us well into the future.

Professor Linda Tapsell is the Director of the Nutrition theme at the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, a joint initiative of the Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health Network and the University of Wollongong. She is also Director of the UOW Smart Foods Centre. She was a member of the Expert Working Group that produced the PMSEIC report.

UOW ’s Research into Schizophrenia and Better Treatments

Written by Dr Elisabeth Frank
Schizophrenia Research Institute (SRI)
School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong

 

“Schizophrenia is a devastating brain disorder that affects up to 1 per cent of the population worldwide…” is a frequently used statistic in publications on schizophrenia research. Whereas worldwide seems far away, it is a fact for our community; over 2,000 people in Wollongong alone have schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disease, which has its onset mostly in the late teens or early twenties. It significantly impairs normal brain function; the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia assumes that it is a consequence of disrupted brain development in early-life.

Clinically, schizophrenia is divided into positive, negative and cognitive symptoms. What this means for patients is paranoia, hallucinations, a retreat from reality; total social isolation is often the result. The emotional burden on sufferers, families and friends is considerable, and the disease is estimated to cost the Australian community $2 billion every year.

There is currently no cure for schizophrenia; and though there are antipsychotic drugs, they are insufficient. Patients are medicated at high doses over their entire lifetime and the drugs cause serious immediate and long term side effects.

For these reasons and more, research into schizophrenia and better treatments is critical.

At UOW, several centres and researchers from various scientific fields are engaged in cooperative research on schizophrenia. Many of the basic and clinical researchers are found under the roof of the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI) and are associated with the Schizophrenia Research Institute (SRI).

The Centre for Translational Neuroscience (CTN) has a special focus on schizophrenia. Under the lead of Professor Xu-Feng Huang and based at IHMRI, the majority of the 30 research fellows and research students are working to uncover the neurochemical and genetic underpinnings of schizophrenia as well as neurophysiological consequences of antipsychotic drug treatment.

Studying samples from patients in Australia and China, human post-mortem brain tissue and rodent models, we use sophisticated state-of-the-art biochemical, genetic and intracranial techniques to explore neurochemical mechanisms of the disease in vitro and in vivo.

For example, the NHMRC-funded research team of Professor Xu-Feng Huang, Dr Kelly Newell and Dr Teresa Du Bois examines the glutamatergic NMDA receptor, since it is highly relevant for adequate neurodevelopment. Our second neurodevelopmental target and studied in its interaction with the NMDA receptor is the neuronal growth factor Neuregulin-1, which was identified in human genetic population studies as a major candidate for schizophrenia risk.

In a NHMRC-funded linkage project, Dr Mei Han and Dr Francesca Fernandez are screening schizophrenia patients in Beijing for mutations in this gene in correlation with symptomatology and neurochemistry. By comparing this to a Neuregulin-1 model at UOW, my SRI-funded research team is making discoveries in the novel field of neuroimmunology, which has only recently been unravelled for its aetiological relevance for schizophrenia.

 The severe side effects of antipsychotic drugs are also being investigated at the CTN. Currently available drugs have limited efficacy and are associated with a range of side effects. The NHMRC-funded research team of Professor Xu-Feng Huang investigates antipsychotic action on neurochemistry in relation to side effects like weight gain and metabolic disorders. The NHMRC-funded research team led by Dr Chao Deng is studying the functional selectivity of antipsychotics in treating schizophrenia.  These projects are expected to lead to better treatments for schizophrenia patients with reduced side effects.

 The schizophrenia research projects underway at our centre complement and collaborate with many others at the University. Working with researchers from IHMRI, the School’s of Health Sciences, Psychology and Nursing, the Graduate School of Medicine, the Illawarra Institute for Mental Health (iiMH) and the Brain and Behaviour Research Institute (BBRI), we further our understanding of disease development and treatment through combined approaches.

 We have close collaborations with the School of Psychology, where Dr Nadja Solowij, Dr Emma Barkus and several collaborators have attracted major funding for their research on the role of cannabis in the risk for schizophrenia. In a new collaborative project, an Illawarra schizophrenia patient cohort has been established. Patients will be studied by clinical and basic researchers from several schools and centres from a psychiatric, psychological, drug-compliance, dietetic, genetic, lipidomic, neurochemical and neuroimmune perspective. This will not only be a unique project due to its inter-disciplinary approach, but has the potential to directly feedback to patients and carers in the Illawarra community. Determining factors that predict a good treatment response as well as indicators for side effects of drug treatment will allow us to improve the choice of drugs used as well as to better monitor indicators for, and therefore potentially prevent, deleterious side effects in our patients.

 Linking as well with researchers from the School of Chemistry and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI), and having access to their highly developed tools, gives us the opportunity to explore novel ways to target discovery, drug development and drug application. This is additionally supported by our cooperations with pharmaceutical companies.

 Our investment into schizophrenia does not end at the lab bench. In addition to our scientific investigations, our researchers also engage in community awareness and education around schizophrenia. With the support of IHRMI and SRI, our researchers and students have organised and contributed to a Schizophrenia Awareness Event and Mental Health Expo; and the Illawarra Mental Health Round Table which brings together major stakeholders of schizophrenia research and care in the Illawarra.

Schizophrenia is a devastating disease, but many researchers at UOW are working actively together to improve prevention, diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia, and finally help patients and carers lead a better life. 

More information:
www.uow.edu.au/health/healthsciences/ctn/
http://ihmri.uow.edu.au/nmh/schizophrenia/index.html
www.schizophreniaresearch.org.au

Do Social Media Influence Our Travel Decisions?

Associate Professor Ulrike Gretzel

From the success of social networking sites to the explosion in user-generated content, we have seen a dramatic shift in how consumers interact with the internet and with each other. Social media have transformed the way people communicate, search for information, make decisions, socialise, learn, and share experiences.  This also applies to consumer behaviour in travel and tourism. 

Growing numbers of travellers search and consume travel information created by other travellers for their travel planning and then share their experiences when they return from their trips. Given the experiential nature of tourism, the information created by other travellers is even more important and influential in the search and decision-making process than when considering other types of purchases. 

Over the past four years we have conducted a series of studies involving travellers with Internet access from around the world. We consistently find high levels of social media use for travel planning. 

Online travel reviews, such as the hotel reviews posted on TripAdvisor, are particularly popular sources of information and those who use them indicate that these traveller opinions greatly influence their accommodation choices. Activity choices and restaurant decisions are also increasingly affected by the opinions of review writers while decisions on where to travel are typically made before reviews are consulted. 

Other social media types such videos and podcasts are generally less influential, although gender and age differences come into play when looking at the influence of specific social media categories. 

Do travellers blindly trust the opinions of strangers?
Our research indicates that trust levels are very high and that a considerable number of people even prefer the opinions of unknown others over opinions of friends and relatives. However, many consumers are also aware of marketers posting reviews or paying professional review writers. They have therefore developed rather sophisticated strategies for evaluating whether they should take a posting into account or not. 

In general, if comments are too negative or too positive, travellers become suspicious. They are looking for balance and details and take subtle cues such as spelling and tone of writing into account. Experimental studies we conducted have also shown that individuals are pretty good at detecting false reviews, and this ability increases with the length of the review.

So like in the offline world, liars will only be able to influence travellers if they are brief. We also find personality differences, with individuals who exhibit neurotic tendencies being less trusting of social media and thus less influenced by them.

Do tourism marketers have to worry?
Our studies find that a majority of travellers think that social media contents are more up-to-date, more fun to read, more interesting, more relevant, more comprehensive, more specific and more helpful in making decisions than information provided by tourism marketers. However, that does not mean that marketers do no longer provide an important function. The travellers we surveyed actually trust social media content more if it is provided on official destination marketing websites.

This is a counter-intuitive finding but makes sense if you consider that destination marketers probably subject social media contents to a basic editorial process, or would at least comment on a posting if it provided false information.

In general, our research shows that tourism marketers can no longer ignore social media and have to carefully think about how to take advantage of social media marketing in order to exercise influence on travellers.

Social media are here to stay but their specific forms will evolve. Twitter and location-based social media applications like Foursquare and Gowalla are still in their infancy and Facebook continuously adds functions and changes its policies. It is important to monitor their impact on travel planning and behaviours at destinations, so that those who try to encourage and/or manage tourism to particular places can adjust their strategies.

Written by Associate Professor Ulrike Gretzel
The Institute for Innovation in Business and Social Research (IIBSoR)
Faculty of Commerce

A geological excursion to the Shakey Isles and an account of the Christchurch Earthquake

Rock fall following the Christchurch 6.3 earthquake. Source http://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2011/02/23/on-the-causes-of-the-high-levels-of-loss-in-the-christchurch-earthquake/

Posted 28 February 2011

Last week 11 students and staff from the School of Earth & Environmnetal Sciences (SEES) returned from a geological fieldtrip to the South Island of New Zealand to investigate active tectonic processes including the fault rupture from the magnitude 7.0 earthquake in Christchurch last September. Little did we know that a second large earthquake (magnitude 6.3) would devastate much of Christchurch only 5 days after our return highlighting the unpredictability associated with seismic hazards. 

The fieldtrip was organised by two SEES PhD students, Steph Kermode and Nathan Jankowski, who head up the student social group – GROUNDSWELL and was supported by SEES staff Brian Jones and Solomon Buckman. The students included a mix of postgraduates and undergraduates from all levels. The purpose of the trip was to observe active tectonic and glacial processes that have sculpted the landscape in New Zealand that are not readily observable in the relatively stable Australian continent. The long-term aim is to run this fieldtrip each year as an intensive field-based summer subject in which students can get first hand experience of active geological processes including volcanoes, geothermal power stations, glaciers and faults associated with active mountain building.   

The landscapes and mountains of New Zealand are incredibly young with most of the relief having formed in only the last 5 million years. This is in stark contrast to the Australian continent that has not experienced any major mountain building activity for the past 200 million years and subsequently been eroded down to a vast, flat continent. Despite the contrast, Australia and New Zealand share a common geological origin as they were joined together 85 million years ago as a part of the supercontinent Gondwana. Between 85-45 million years ago New Zealand rifted away from Australia creating the Tasman Sea that now seperates the two continents. New Zealand is situated directly on the boundary between the Australian and Pacific plates making it a particularly active in terms of volcanic and seismic activity. In the North Island the Pacific Plate is moving to the east and subducting (sinking) beneath the North Island resulting in the development of an active volcanic arc and a deep sea trench to the east which extends all the way to Tonga. To the south subduction has flipped with the Australian Plate subducting beneath the South Island to form the Macquarie Ridge and Southern Alps. In between the North and South Islands is an intense zone of faulting where the New Zealand continent is being wrenched apart by the Alpine Fault. This is a major transform (strike-slip) plate boundary and has been active for the past 25 million years. The Alpine Fault consists of many subsiduary fault splays along its length. The big surprise with the Christchurch earthquakes has been the fact that Christchurch has not experienced large or regular earthquakes in historic times and that the fault line has not been identified  due to it being buried by thick sequences of river sediment that has been eroded off the Southern Alps. Christchurch is also quite a distance from the Alpine Fault which may have built a collectively false sense of security. New Zealand is referred to as the Shakey Isles for good reason. It sits on the Pacific Rim of fire and is subject to regular, intense seismic activity as the tectonic plates jostle and collide with each other.

It was clearly evident when we visited Christchurch that it was still rebuilding from the September 3, 2010 magnitude 7.0 earthquake that struck 45 km west of the city in the rural outskirts of Roleston. It is important to realize that the Richter scale used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes is a base-ten logarithmic scale so an earthquake measuring 5.0 has a shaking amplitude ten times that of an earthquake of magnitude 4.0. However, the total energy released is 33.3 times the amount for a difference of 1. Put simply a difference of 2 on the Richter scale results in about 1000 times the amount of total energy released. Most movement on faults is accommodated by large earthquakes. Unfortunately earthquakes remain difficult to predict in the short time-scales useful to people due to the numerous variables – build up of stress, time since last rupture, water saturation of the fault plane and most importantly the fact that earthquakes generally occur 10’s to 100’s km below the surface where we cannot make direct observations of the physical conditions. Geologists rely solely on geophysical and seismic data to interpret conditions and structures deep in the lithosphere.

We visited the fault rupture and although the roads had been repaired the 4 m offset of roads, fences, hedges and canals was clear to see as well as numerous cracks and compressional mounds along the fault trace. It was also evident that many of the locals weren’t happy with the attention they were getting from passers by like us who wanted to stop and view the fault. There was a real sense amongst Cantebrians that they were lucky to get away without any loss of life after the first earthquake. Unfortunately that was not the case with the recent earthquake in which the death toll has just passed 100 and there are still over 200 people missing.

The epicenter of the February 21, 2011 magnitude 6.3 earthquake was only 5 km from the centre of Christchurch with the epicenter centred on Lettelton.  Because of proximity to the epicenter and the shallow depth (5 km) of the hypocentre, ground shaking in Christchurch was much more severe for this latest earthquake than for the larger magnitude 7 event in September. Ground accelerations were unusually high for this event, probably due to the shallow depth of the earthquake hypocenter and the thick unconsolidated substrate of wet mud and sand that much of Christchurch is built on. Compared to solid rock, sands and muds have the effect of slowing and amplifying seismic waves as they travel through the earth resulting in greater shaking. Wet sediments are also prone to liquefaction when shaken which means they suddenly change from behaving as a solid during normal conditions to a liquid during an earthquake. During an earthquake liquid sand or mud can spew out of cracks in the ground and flow down roads and collect in depressions and drainage networks. Heavy buildings and structures will tend to sink and become unstable during liquefaction if they do not have adequately engineered foundations. Typically ground shaking is in the order of 25%g  for a magnitude 6.3 earthquake but the Christchurch earthquake produced shaking of up to 188%g. To put this in perspective, any shaking above 100%g is enough to overcome the acceleration of gravity and start throwing objects up in the air! Although New Zealand has a very strong and strictly enforced earthquake building code, this level of shaking resulted in severe and widespread damage. The Modified Mercalli Intensity scale (I-XII) is used to measure damage based on observations and interviews. Levels of IX to X were recorded around the epicenter which means intense to violent damage of well-built stuctures and damage or destruction of some well built wooden structures. Most houses are built of wood in New Zealand because it is much more flexible and resistant to earthquakes than brittle brick structures. Unfortunately, aftershocks can occur for many months after an event creating dangerous conditions in already weakened structures. The other aspect is that where stress is released by an earthquake it can result in increased stress along other faults segments resulting in an “unzipping” effect as stress in the crust is redistributed and comes to a new equilibrium. This appears to be the case with this second magnitude 6.3 earthquake following the magnitude 7.0 earthquake last year some 45 km further west.

Part of my research involves investigating evidence of ancient earthquakes (Paleoseismology) in areas of Australia that are prone to seismic activity and I have a PhD student – Chulantha Jayawardena, investigating active faults in the Adelaide region. Although Australia is relatively stable compared to New Zealand it is still affected by earthquakes as evident by the magnitude 5.6 Newcastle earthquake in 1989 and the magnitude 5.4 Adelaide earthquake in 1954. Earthquakes in Australia are referred to as intraplate earthquakes as they do not occur on plate boundaries and are much less understood and certainly less predictable in terms of their distribution. The danger with these intraplate earthquakes is that they may have long recurrence intervals of 100’s or 1000’s of years before the crustal stresses build up enough to rupture and generate an earthquake and they can strike areas that are underprepared for such events. We are investigating active faults along the margins of the Mount Lofty and Flinders ranges in South Australia by way of trenching, mapping and using ground penetrating radar to identify previous ruptures. Some of these faults have rupture lengths and offsets of single events that suggest magnitudes in the order of 5-7 on the richter scale. Part of our research involves dating these paleoseismic events by sampling the sediments that have accumulated adjacent to the fault rupture using luminescence dating techniques (OSL) to further constrain the timing of past earthquakes. Identifying hidden fault lines and constraining the timing of past seismic events is of fundamental importance in understanding how mountains such as the Flinders Ranges form in intraplate settings and of course it has important practical implications in terms of planning and implementing appropriate building codes in earthquake prone regions of Australia.

Earthquakes are a global hazard that knows no political boundaries. Earthquake response and rescue efforts are often globally assisted and require the expertise of many disciplines including engineers, geologists, planners, medics, police and emergency response personnel. Earthquake mitigation is an ongoing process from the initial identification of faults and historic seismic activity, through to developing appropriate building codes, to the rescue efforts when these hazards strike through to planning for the next event. The tectonic processes so evident in New Zealand provide an important modern-day analogue in terms of understanding how older continents like Australia have been shaped and formed in the past.

For further information please contact Dr. Solomon Buckman solomon@uow.edu.au in the School  of Earth & Environmental Sciences